{UAH} Would you accept a pig's heart?
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You might accept a human heart transplant (pictured) if it saved your life, but what about a pig's? (SPL)
If animal organs could be used to save our lives, will it mean we become a bit less human? Frank Swain speculates
Imagine that your heart is failing. You desperately need a replacement. Every day, your family waits nervously for a call from the hospital to say they've found a donor. Then one day, the call comes through. In your excitement you barely hear what the doctor on the other end of the line is telling you. There's something you should know, she says. The donor is not human. It's a pig.
That possibility crept a little closer last week, with the announcement that a pig's heart had survived over a year after it was transplanted to a baboon. The work, led by Dr Muhammad Mohuiddin at the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, supports the case of those who say that animal organs could be used to help humans on long transplant waiting lists.
Such procedures would raise all sorts of thorny issues about what it will mean to be fully human in the future. If we can transplant pig hearts, then what other parts could we use to augment our bodies? And will taking non-human organs transform our relationship with animals, and even each other?
Pig hearts are anatomically similar to ours - just one reason why they make suitable donors (SPL)
Xenotransplantation – using animal tissues in humans – dates back to at least 1682, when Dutch surgeon Job Janszoon van Meekeren reported that a Russian soldier's skull had been repaired with a fragment of bone from a dog. Horrified church authorities ordered the removal of the graft, but it had healed too well to be removed. Later, Alexis Carrel's pioneering techniques for suturing blood vessels paved the way for the first xenotransplanted organs in 1902, but it took until the 1960s for any meaningful progress, when surgeons had limited success transplanting primate organs to humans. However most failed within couple of months, and the patients died.
Today, however, primates are no longer considered viable donors, due to issues such as disease transmission risk and the ethical considerations of primate research. What's more, the body would probably reject the organs. "The major obstruction to xenotransplantation was the immunological rejection," says Mohuiddin.
Pigs, however, have proven to be better donors, at least in tests on baboons. A pig's heart is anatomically similar to a human, they pose less of a disease risk and the animals grow quickly, making them an excellent substitute. Crucially, by modifying a pig's genetics, Mohuiddin was able to render the transplanted hearts invisible to the baboon's immune system. Two genetic tweaks reduced the ability of the baboon's immune cells to identify the heart as a foreign body. A third added a gene that produces a human anti-clotting agent to help counter immune system reactions that can be triggered by blood clots forming around foreign tissue. Together, these changes allowed the heart to survive far longer than previous attempts.
The value of pigs may rise if demand increases for their organs (Thinkstock)
So, what would a world with animal organ transplants in humans look like? Might we one day see farmers in overalls mucking out pens where pigs roll in the hay and oink happily as they grow a stock of organs inside them? Perhaps that doesn't seem too different from the situation we have now. We have after all been rearing pigs for their meat for thousands of years, and transplantable pig hearts will probably sell for a good deal more than they currently fetches as offal.
Indeed, a ready supply of compatible organs might open up unexpected demand for animal products. Medical interventions – even very extreme ones – have a habit of normalising once the costs and risks fall. 
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