{UAH} HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IS TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS BY SEX WITH NEANDERTHALS
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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IS TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS BY SEX WITH NEANDERTHALS
The evolutionary history of carcinogenic papillomaviruses traced to Neanderthals, which could "reward" them our ancestors in interspecies sex.
Hundreds of papillomaviruses affecting people, two — HPV16 and HPV18 — are particularly dangerous, speaking a potent oncogenic factors. Cervical cancer is almost always associated with them, but they can cause tumors and in other tissues — for example, the throat. Virology from new York Medical College Einstein Robert Burke (Robert Burk) studying the genetics of HPV16 for many years; new results of his team are in the article published in the journal PLOS Pathogens.
To determine the origin and evolutionary history of this papillomavirus, scientists have turned to our close relatives and insulated particles of HPV16, which was infected macaque-rhesus, and miniature squirrel monkeys squirrel monkeys are the representatives of lines monkeys Old and New world.
Comparison of their genomes showed that the viruses infitsirovanie different species of primates, but the same parts of their bodies are genetically closer to each other than viruses of the same species but living in different areas. This suggests that the specialization of human papillomavirus infection in a particular tissue began even before their transition to humans. Their adaptation to the body lasts for about 40 million years.
In addition, Robert Burke and colleagues compared the 212 human HPV16 genotypes (and partial genotypes over 3,500 viruses) isolated from patients around the world. It is possible to reconstruct relatively recent pre-history of the disease and show that the separation of the human line occurred at about 618 thousand years ago, after which HPV16 was divided into four subtypes spread across Eurasia. This period coincides with the time allocation of the Neanderthals and their settlement on the continent.
The HPV16 subtype A in Africa is still practically nonexistent, but in Europe widely distributed varieties A1-3, and Asia — A4. According to the authors, this indicates that transmission of the virus emerged from Africa to people directly from Neanderthals, in crosses and generally sexual contacts (ironically — along with many of the important genes of the immune system) in the last 80 thousand years. With less confidence, the same conclusions can be made about other embodiments of the papillomavirus HPV1
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